Around the globe annually, at 11 am on the eleventh day of the eleventh month, we mark with two-minutes of silence memory of the heroes who paid the ultimate price to protect our political freedom. We celebrate our men and women who returned from war along with all who lost their lives in too many conflicts–whose sacrifice sought to assure our freedoms.
It was their courage that provided opportunity to make a society that seeks respect and wellbeing for all citizens. Their sacrifice was for us to take the practical initiatives required to strengthen key values of western civilization like honesty, justice, temperance, and wisdom.
This is most understood among peoples who have experienced the atrocities of an invading force or the threat of invasion. The former president of Smith College, Jill Ker Conway, growing up on her parents' farm west of Sydney in Australia, is among many who describe vividly the wartime experience.
In her book The Road from Coorain, she writes of her own times during World War II as a child, when she was thought to be asleep, overhearing her parents long into the night at the kitchen table discussing the day's news–and what they would do when the country was invaded.
She overheard that her father planned to pack belongings, take his rifle, and put the family onto horses, and they would ride far into the mountains. Knowing the reported brutality of the invading soldiers who would eventually catch up to the family, the plan was that he would shoot his wife and children before shooting himself, to avoid the alternative.
Such expectations and experiences as these were still spoken about periodically when growing up in the 1950s through the 1960s and beyond by adults–with children out of sight, but some still within hearing, reminding everyone of the loss of loved ones in the ferocious fighting of that war in the Pacific.
Then for adults, youth, and children, the persistent blights of wars in Korea and Vietnam so near weighed heavily and long in the awareness of many in South-East Asia.
Recent or not so recent, history can be brutal when its lessons are ignored.
People are voting early in record numbers in the United States. Many Republicans and Independents are joining with Democrats, seeking to keep democracy alive.
Whether these vigorous, eleventh-hour efforts defeat the autocrat-extremists will soon be known.
Some mainstream media continue to assert that the candidates' "campaigns now turn on a small set of national issues–this year primarily the cost of living, abortion and the border."[1] The writer of this comment seems oblivious to the vows of wannabe-dictators to strip away more freedoms.
In "this year" such journalism says little to anyone who believes it's good to live in a representative republic. However, the comment does offer two useful clues on what to emphasize in the closing days of this consequential election campaign.
Firstly, voters need to be presented with emotional reasons to both feel and believe a candidate will make groceries, fuel, and everyday purchases cheaper. And it's of declining value to keep banging out ambitious pledges about "price gouging" or tax incentives.
Anyone overdrawn on credit has needs right now–like a roof overhead and food for the kids. It's time to specifically and convincingly illustrate what's being done and what more will be done to cut the cost of groceries and other necessities immediately–not weeks, months, or years away!
Secondly, very large numbers of people probably vote according to the projected image of a political figure. But if all an opponent's faults highlighted during almost ten years haven't moved the needle against electability, why expect this approach to work during the less than ten days remaining?[2]
Many of us want to vote for a candidate, not against someone! Repeated illustration of an opponent's graft has to hit home to how badly this harms us. Unfortunately "the United States, as well as some other nations, too often elect accused criminals to public office–despite vigorous commentary on the candidate's alleged criminality"[3] or immorality.
In the closing days of any election campaign, it's a serious challenge to promote truth, law, and justice. By this time, public discourse is a mash of snappy truthiness and outrage. And election news is frequently thought to be propaganda. Election campaigns certainly amplify propaganda processes, to provoke "action without prior thought."[4]
As Randal Marlin notes, it was Jacques Ellul who alerted to the necessity for "liberal government to offset seditious ideas from within the state or... [use] propaganda to offset other states seeking conquest over one's own state. But he recognizes that once a state begins to engage seriously in propaganda, it erodes its own claim to being liberal."[5]
We must be careful about this inherent danger of propaganda. And we need to elect sincere leaders, who are equipped to remedy the serious harm autocrat-propagandists cause us.
2. David Brooks (2018), “Opinion: The Failures of Anti-Trumpism,”The New York Times,April 10, p.27; Rodney G. Miller (2024), Get Ahead of Propagandists: Countering Disinformation, Albany, NY: Parula, p. 55; also at: Word to the Wise blog (2024), "Going Forward," February 4,
It's long past time to shake free from propaganda and disinformation. This requires large-scale, sustained, cooperative efforts.
Some Western democracies are massively expanding education in media literacy, critical analysis, rhetoric, and civics. This is occurring most where people feel the looming threat of invasion, such as among nations in Europe. These civic leaders are seriously boosting education to enhance the ability of adults, youth, and children to discern and assess reality.
Ever-increasing is the need to identify and counter dishonest politicians. Autocrat-propagandists routinely berate us with a fearfully absurd mixture of lies and partial truth. Their systematic, persistent distortions become exhausting and impact both our thinking and priorities–to change personal belief systems and actions.
With voters heading to the polls in the United States, for what's likely the nation's most consequential election, many of us continue to wish for more effective countering of those unprincipled politicians, who continuously exploit the freedoms of democracy.
We surely need more than warnings or naive repetition of the "flood of falsehoods," as one media outlet chose yesterday to headline its own lame critique–which largely amplified a politician's lies and dangerous nonsense.[1]
Many workable methods for countering propaganda were available much more than a decade ago[2]–when prebunking or other timely actions may have worked. What's realistic now to hope for enough civic leaders, jurists, journalists, editors, educators, or others to advance enough actions for the common good?
What more can we do to –
* Counter the propaganda processes that spontaneously embed in our daily thinking, actions, and language, to intimately drive our actions?[3]
* Help to develop people's "cognitive skills, technical know-how, emotional self-awareness, and an ability to navigate massive flows of true, false, and irrelevant information via images, texts, videos, and audio clips"?[4]
* Incentivize news, information, other corporate, government, and nonprofit organizations to become better equipped to take a pivotal role in combating propaganda and disinformation?
* "Regulate the social media recommendation algorithms"?[5]
* Criminalize lies "intended to cause serious harm if said harm results"?[6]
It's time to put aside unfounded assumptions that rational explanation will counter the emotions that propagandists exploit in listeners or readers. It's time to more substantially spotlight and more effectively remedy the direct harms that propagandists do to individuals and society.
References
1. CNN (2024), October 4
2. Jacques Ellul (1965), Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes, New York: Knopf, especially pp. 294-296; J. Michael Sproule (1994),Channels of Propaganda, Bloomington, IN: EDINFO Press and ERIC Clearinghouse; J. Michael Sproule (2001), “Authorship and Origins of the Seven Propaganda Devices: A Research Note,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4(1), Spring, pp. 135-143; Marlin, Randal (2013), Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion, Peterborough, ON: Broadview; Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell (2019), 7th edn,Propaganda and Persuasion,Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [with Nancy Snow as lead author for the recently updated 8th edition]
4. Jannie Lilja, Niklas Eklund, and Ester Tottie (2024), "Civic Literacy and Disinformation in Democracies," Social Sciences, 13, 405, pp. 12-13, https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080405
5. John Grönvall (2023), "Fact-checkers and the News Media: A Nordic Perspective on Propaganda," Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 5(1), pp. 134-153, at p.151, https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2023-0008
6. Druzin, Bryan H. and Jessica Li (2010), “The Criminalization of Lying: Under What Circumstances, If Any, Should Lies Be Made Criminal?” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 101(2), pp. 571-572,
by Director/Producer Ivan Reitman and Writers Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis
Video is copyright. All rights reserved. Used under Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 Fair Usage for non profit, non competing, educational, political commentary and criticism.
"Ghostbusters was released at the right time...at the height of the sci-fi blockbuster during the '80s."[2] Chock-full of ironic dialogue, with some now dated comedy and special effects, the movie refreshed tongue-in-cheek the age-old story of warrior saviors.
Updated (to four decades ago) this "group of miscast nerds, geeks, scientists and paranormal enthusiasts start their own business studying, hunting and 'busting' ghosts, goblins and ghouls."[3] The setting was New York City at a time when, along with many other cities, residents were beleaguered by crime, grime, and poverty–with subway cars, so covered by graffiti on the outside and inside, that these became go-to, must-sees for tourists. With a comedic twinkle, the movie has some hints useful for fighting the slime, grime, crime, and harm generated by autocrat-propagandists.
Defeating the lies, part-truths, rumors, faulty reasoning, abuse, and worse that self-proclaimed autocrats amplify is best done by each of us taking both individual and cooperative actions.
Organizations, nations, or individuals fighting disinformation and propaganda require competence and cooperative commitment to make strategic impact in everyday conversations, as well as through all information platforms and communication channels. Akin to the targeted reach of the Disinformation Summit planned at University of Cambridge in 2025, cooperative initiatives are needed that address strategically "social media, news media, financial and non-financial reporting, and other broadcast vehicles."[4]
Unsurprisingly, defeating a swill of disinformation requires ongoing actions that deploy better developed understandings and resources than paranormal science provided to the comedic ghostbusters.
Urgently needed for a serious task are more civic leaders, judges, lawyers, media anchors, pundits, journalists, media managers, teachers, researchers, librarians, students, parents, family, friends, neighbors, and any of us to get up to speed with how to pre-empt wannabe autocrats. Autocrat-propagandists aim to secure acquiescence, not belief,to create "conformists."[5]Dialogue that encourages a variety of viewpoints sharpens doubt about the formulaic comments of propagandists.[6]
But dispersed warnings and discussions about propaganda mechanisms, the supposed intent of the propagandist, or many fact-checking approaches–via however intelligent and penetrating commentary, or blistering advertisements, or hype, or endless micro-analyses of legal probes in the media–are no match for an ongoing onslaught of unfettered propaganda.[7]
Such dispersed discussions can be especially damaging in the form of media microanalyses that include repeatedly replaying audio or video of a propagandist. As highlighted in a recent blog post, this approach neglects the "truth effect" of repeating lies.[8] Perhaps the urge to microanalyze a propagandist is fueled by some naive belief that this will spark some magical ah-hah self-awareness in the uncommitted, or that it energizes rather than eventually draining or depressing anyone who already feels negatively toward some propagandist.
Others may offer that it shows the laziness of too many in the media who latch onto readily available photos, or video, or catchy quotes, in a vain effort to attract attention. As long ago as 2018 in the United States at least, the failure of the approach was publicly acknowledged.[9]
For Now
Certainly, unchecked propagandists work people overcontinuously to attack free thought and, by extension, freedoms of speech and association.[10] But it is early detection and pre-emptive actions that are critical to neutralize propaganda. Engaging many authoritative voices to debunk nonsense may sometimes be useful. But pre-bunking seems most potent to counter mis/disinformation.[11]Are we prepared to anticipate and head-off what grifter-autocrats will say or do?
Surely, any of us can help counter false information by joining active efforts or setting up our own initiatives to push ahead of nonsense talk–replacing the swill by redirecting the focus of public and private conversations to address everyday concerns–like personally meaningful specifics of healthcare, jobs, shelter, food, safety, freedom, and making bad actors accountable.
Can each of us find ways to
Join or start an action group addressing matters you care about–by putting pressure and expecting results from civic officials, elected representatives or candidates for election, and the media?
Grow networks of person-to-person communication–especially using emails and personalized social media?
Ignore verbal refuse designed to distract, deny, or delay?
Stop using or repeating a bad actor's name–will enough friends in the media ever stop repeating direct quotes in the lower thirds of the television screen, stop showing video clips repeating a bad actor's words or actions, and stop using photos that PR folks believe will make a bad actor look strong?
Reverse any serious lie right back onto the liar–using words much like a graffiti artist sprays a mustache on a propaganda poster? Mastering rhetorical questions is one approach [video here][12] and polemic has a long and honorable record in public communication, especially through artful parody and satire!
More Broadly
An equal priority is to massively expand education that enhances the ability of adults, youth, and children to assess public discourse–to discern, analyze, and synthesize reality.[13] Substantial expansions of media literacy, rhetorical, and civics education[14] are required in Western democracies. Even where the will exists, this takes time.
Meanwhile, can organizations and nations also execute well-developed plans to get ahead of and counter the efforts of propagandists, at scale?[15]
Illustrations of success and resources are now available. Some writings crystalize criteria for useful interventions. These are derived mainly from investigations of social media.[16] Some writings deal with the media and propaganda processes more broadly.[17] Further actionable understandings distilled from studies outside the laboratory/"in the wild" are needed,[18] along with cross-disciplinary studies and action research focused on actively building viable futures.[19]
It's up to organizations, nations, and each of us fighting disinformation to call on civic, legal, media, corporate, education, and other leaders to collaborate on strengthening practical initiatives that will address some big challenges, particularly
* Burgeoning computerized propaganda systems.[20]
* Government impotence regulating social media platforms–perhaps we can expect similar failures regulating anticipated hazards of Artificial Intelligence.
* Ever-increasing pressure in social media and mass media to help grow audiences by amplifying what is outrageous.
Propagandists continuously use the capabilities of computer networks, social media, and mass media powerfully against us.[21]
Into the Future
Some gargantuan goals for each of us, for organizations, and for nations are to evolve systematic, ongoing efforts that:
1. Engage autocrat-propagandists' "targets" and followers in productive decision-making to advance community initiatives.[22]
2. Educate everyone about detecting and calling out propaganda.
3. Codify remedies to the multiple deficiencies of norms and regulations–to protect the rule of law.
4. Educate everyone on ways to put civics to use.
As detailed throughout earlier blog posts, our better future requires us continuously to
* Challenge any propaganda targeting our pre-existing attitudes AND reassert our beliefs inhonesty, justice, temperance, courage,and wisdom–and our desire to live in a society that seeks respect and wellbeing for all citizens.
* Highlight the harm to people by those using anti-democratic actions to deny health care, jobs, safety, community services,etc. AND, most importantly, say exactly what should happen instead.
* Reassert the rightness offacts, positively and specifically (without naming the lie or the liar, to avoid being a megaphone for the corrupt).
* Keep repeating what isright(propaganda decays over time, especially when crowded out of the public communication channels).
Yes, our future depends on us.
References
1. Ivan Reitman (Director/Producer) and Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis (Writers) (1984), "Ghostbusters: Crossing the Streams," from Ghostbusters [Movie], Columbia Pictures, https://youtu.be/9wrEEd1ajz4
4. Cambridge Disinformation Summit (2025), University of Cambridge, Judge Business School, "First-order objectives and deliverables: Identify and convene researchers, from across disciplines (e.g., journalism, social-psychology, sociology, anthropology, business, computer science, law, communications, theology, philosophy, political science, criminology, and authoritarian studies) who are engaged in this body of work; Develop shared networks for collaboration; Develop infrastructure to share research and research feedback across disciplines; Develop trust and share learning with policymakers, practice professionals, and data providers; Develop curriculum to enhance societal awareness of, and resilience to, disinformation campaigns; Develop infrastructure to protect research community members from threats, harassment, frivolous legal or freedom of information, or other attacks on academic freedom by those who exploit disinformation." Background at: https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/2023/fighting-disinformation-needs-interdisciplinary-approach/; see also:https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/events/cambridge-disinformation-summit-2025/
5. Nicholas O'Shaugnessy (2017), "Putin, Xi, and Hitler - Propaganda and the Paternity of Pseudo Democracy," Defence Strategic Communication: The Official Journal of the NATO Strategic Communication Center of Excellence, 2, Spring, p. 115-130, https://issuu.com/natostratcomcoe/docs/full_academic_journal_vol2_issuu_07
6. Jacques Ellul (1965), Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes, New York: Knopf, p. 300
7. Rodney G. Miller (2024), Get Ahead of Propagandists: Countering Disinformation, Albany, NY: Parula, p. 55
9. David Brooks (2018), "Opinion: The Failures of Anti-Trumpism," The New York Times, April 10, p. 27
10. Miller, p. 13
11. Jon Roozenbeek, Eileen Culloty, and Jane Suiter(2022), “Countering Misinformation: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Implications of Current Interventions,”European Psychologist,28(3), pp.189-205, published online July 14, 2023, https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1027/1016-9040/a000492
12. Luís Azevedo (Director) and Mark Forsyth (Writer) (2021), What Makes a Movie Line Memorable? Rhetorical Questions, Little White Lies - https://lwlies.com/video at: https://youtu.be/UD3TaR5iPAo
17. Paul Baines, Nicholas O’Shaughnessy, and Nancy Snow (Eds.) (2020), The Sage Handbook of Propaganda, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Nancy Snow, Garth S. Jowett, and Victoria O’Donnell (2024), 8th edn,Propaganda and Persuasion,Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Jacques Ellul (1965), Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes, New York: Knopf
20.Woolley, Samuel C. and Howard, Philip N. (2019),Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians and Political Manipulation on Social Media, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 243; Shaffer, Kris (2019),Data Versus Democracy: How Big Data Algorithms Shape Opinions and Alter the Course of History, New York:Apress/Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 114-115
Consciously or intuitively, we frequently use repetition to emphasize, connect, contrast, and compare–or for humor and other rhetorical or literary effects.[1] While too much repetition may become boring, or suggest careless editing, the occasional repetition of a word or a few words in a passage of speech or writing can also help simulate the informality of conversation–probably because we often repeat words in everyday talk.
We've long recognized that carefully crafted repetition, especially with variation, powerfully reinforces–for good or ill. Teachers of classical rhetoric in Ancient Greece and Rome from about the fifth century BC–and more widely since–advocate strategic use of repetition, through choice from a battery of rhetorical devices with different effects.[2] These include commonly used anaphora, antistasis, commoratio, or diacope.[3][video here]
A nineteenth century guide to composition recommended that "A frank repetition of a word has even sometimes a kind of charm–as bearing the stamp of truth, the foundation of all excellence of style."[4]
Some nuances of this truth effect are explored in more recent psychology research. Apparently "people judge repeated information as truer than new information." Researchers also find "People consider that others are more susceptible...than themselves, and underestimate the impact of repetition on judgments of truth."[5] This all seems to confirm "Repeating information increases people's belief that the repeated information is true."[6]
Propagandists intuitively understand this power of repetition. As Jacques Ellul points out, the "endless repetition of formulas, explanations, and simple stimuli" erodes "scorn and disbelief."[7] However foolish we might initially believe some nonsense to be, its repetitive use focuses both conversation and actions.[8]
When journalists and others in the media repeatedly quote verbatim the egregious lies or nonsense of propagandists, this just helps to advance a propagandist's name, identity, and style–which inevitably increases the significance of the rants and ramblings.[9]
Former editors or journalists and the large number of readers or viewers cancelling media subscriptions seem more concerned about this than many in the media.[10]
References
1. Jeanne Fahnestock (2011),Rhetorical Style: The Uses of Language in Persuasion, New York: Oxford University Press
From early in life, we are encouraged to be clear when speaking or writing. We put a lot of attention on specifying what we mean. We talk about words as delivering a message. Endless energies are expended trying to remove ambiguity, to magically bring everyone into alignment by crafting that perfect message.
This becomes especially noticeable during election campaigns. Politicians, media pundits, journalists, advertisers, and others talk about this or that candidate's message. They also quote catchy words or phrases, or paraphrase comments–with frequent reference to polls that supposedly report opinions of the pollster's invented audience "segments."
Some people even describe themselves selling us a message–apparently blind to the reality that "when we know the goal of communication is just to 'get a message out,' many of us understand intuitively that our views, feelings, or perspectives aren't considered important."[1] So much for that sales pitch.
Do we really believe that others receive just what we mean? It's still to be established that minds ever truly align. Each of us interprets and gives words meaning. It seems true that "Any text is open to countless interpretations and debates, and any word or phrase can connote and give rise to an infinity of other words."[2]
Also apparent in everyday life, and no less during elections, is that everyone interprets messages very differently. It's natural enough to assume meaning is in the words we choose. But even dictionaries only record some common usage of words. As Noam Chomsky indicates "The most elaborate dictionaries provide no more than the bare hints about the meaning of words..."[3]
The continuous boosting of message transmission as a simple, but mistaken view of communication causes serious delusions. And audience analysts convince public figures and many organizations to pay expensively for opinion polls or even creepy "measurement" of physiological reactions to bits of speech among focus group participants.
It was in the nineteenth century that the retailer John Wanamaker claimed "Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted, the trouble is I don't know which half." It often remains hard to tell what if any part of an advertising budget may have value. Just as uncertain in a political campaign is predicting the outcome from the huge budgets and effort for mass media and digital advertising or political rallies and other publicity.
Likely, communication occurs when people jointly create new understanding and knowledge.[4] It's the to-and-fro of face-to-face, personal interaction that most aligns people. Likewise, in a political campaign, it's conversation, one-on-one, or with a few people at a time that provides the winning difference.
In the final weeks of an election campaign, what really matters is engaging friends, neighbors, family, workmates, or others to stand together to help elect candidates who are committed to deliver real solutions.
This is a time to ask what each of us can do to help defeat puffery.
References
1. Rodney G. Miller (2022), "Developing the Culture of Trust," Communication Essays, Albany, NY: Parula, p. 19
2. David Sless and Ruth Shrensky (2023),A New Semiotics: An Introductory Guide for Students,London and New York: Routledge, p. 98
3. Noam Chomsky (1993),Language and Thought, Kingston, RI: Moyer Bell, p. 23
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